Морфология русского языка
| + Lang-L-A-S-V-Sg-G · Poems-R-NR-CR-GG · Songs-FS-KS · Stories-SF-FT-J-KT · Idioms · Proverbs · TTwisters · Parables · Prayers |
- Грамматика русского языка ≅ Russian language grammar
- Десять советов по изучению языков ≅ Ten suggestions for language learning
- Морфология русского языка ≅ Russian morphology
- Русские падежи ≅ Russian cases
- Русские падежи с Майей ≅ Russian cases with Maya
- Что такое ВикиТранслейт? ≅ What is WikiTranslate?
Most Russian words (except the very small ones consisting of the root only) can be broken down into smaller parts: MORPHEMES.
- Root denotes the basic meaning or function of the word.
- All morphemes within the word (except the ending) are referred to as the stem: PREFIX + ROOT + SUFFIX=STEAM.
Russian morphemes are classed according to the order they appear in a word: PREFIX > ROOT > SUFFIX > ENDING.
Each morpheme has one or a few predictable meanings, which add:
- a new meaning to the root of the word and
- can change the function of the word
уч/и/тель/ниц/а - уч/еник
- -уч- is the root which denotes the basic meaning of these two words
- -и- is a suffix which is added after the consonant ч
- -тель is a suffix which indicates that the noun has been made up from a verb (in our case уч/и/ть/ся) and it refers currently to a profession/occupation of a male
- -ниц- is a suffix which indicates that the noun has been made up from a related noun, which refers to a male (in our case уч/и/тель) and now it refers to a female
- -а is a nominative case feminine ending of a noun
- -еник is a suffix which indicates that the noun has been made up from a verb (in our case уч/и/ть/ся) and it refers at the present to a male
==How can you learn to make new Russian words==
Учительница: Let’s speak about morphology, the morphological structure of Russian words. Since you probably don't want to be a linguist, I can share with you some of the knowledge that I have gathered from Russian teachers, from my students, Russian language books and from my experience of being Russian.
Ученик: What are these morphemes? And how do you know what is the prefix, the root, the suffix and the ending of a word?
Учительница: Sometimes you would not know exactly which morphemes make up the word but you can always try guessing.
Ученик: It is too much.
When I was a child I lived in a house next to the house of a Russian linguist and Professor Zinovii Aronovich Potiha (Зиновий Аронович Потиха). When his wife found out that I had started to teach Russian in London and I am using the book "Строение русского слова", she presented me with a copy of the book with her signature and inscription.
| уч/и/ть |
to teach, to learn |
| уч/и/ться |
to learn, to study |
| уч/и/тель |
teacher (male) |
| уч/и/тель/ницa |
teacher (female) |
| уч/и/тель/ский |
scholastic |
| уч/и/тель/ств/о |
teachers or teaching, duties of a teacher |
| уч/и/тель/ств/о/a/ть |
to be a teacher |
| уч/ени/е |
studies, learning, doctrine, teachings |
| уч/ен/ый |
scientist |
| уч/е/ник |
student (male) |
| уч/ениц/а |
student (female) |
| уч/енич/еск/ий |
pupillary,discipular |
| уч/е/б/а |
study |
| уч/е/б/н/ый |
educational, training, academic |
| уч/е/б/н/ик |
tutorial, textbook, study book |
| уч/ащ/ий/ся |
student, pupil |
| уч/и/лищ/е |
school, college, academy |
| вы/уч/и/ть - вы/уч/и/ть(ся) |
to learn well, to teach thoroughly |
| вы/уч/ива/ть - вы/уч/ива/ть(ся) |
to finish one's education |
| за/уч/и/ть - за/уч/ива/ть |
to learn well (by heart) |
| из/уч/и/ть - из/уч/a/ть |
to learn, to study in detail |
| на/уч/и/ть - на/уч/и/ть(ся) |
to teach, to learn a skill, a proffesion |
| об/уч/и/ть(ся) - об/уч/a/ть(ся) |
to learn something |
| об/уч/и/ть - об/уч/a/ть |
to teach something |
| пере/уч/и/ть - пере/уч/ива/ть |
to learn or to teach a new skill |
| по/уч/и/ть - по/уч/a/ть |
to learn or to teach for some time or to teach from time to time |
| про/уч/и/ть - про/уч/а/ть |
"to teach someone a lesson" |
| уч/и/ть(ся) - по/уч/и/ть(ся) |
to learn - to learn for some time |
| раз/уч/и/ть(ся) - раз/уч/ивa/ть(ся) |
to forget how to do something, to lose a skill |
| Formation of Russian aspectual pairs | |
|---|---|